هندوستان

From Wikipedia

Republic of India
भारत गणराज्य
Bhārat Gaṇarājya

بېرغ نښان
Motto: Satyameva Jayate Sanskrit: सत्यमेव जयते /sətyəmeːvə ɟəjəteː/ (Truth Alone Triumphs)
ملي ترانه: Jana Gana Mana Sanskrit: जन गण मन /ɟənə gəɳə mənə/
پلازمېنه	New Delhi 28°34′ N 77°12′ E
لوی ښار	مومبای (بمبی)
(رسمي ژبه/ ژبې)	Hindi, English, and 21 other languages
حکومت ولسمشر لومړی وزير	Federal republic عبدالکلام Manmohan Singh
خپلواکي  - Declared  - Republic	From the United Kingdom 1947-08-15 1950-01-26
مساحت  • ټولټال    • اوبه (%)	3,287,590 km² {{{مساحتي وېش}}} {{{areami²}}} mi²  9.56
د وګړو شمېر  • 2006 est.  • 2001 census  • ګڼه ګونه	{{{د وګړو اټکل}}} (2nd) 1,027,000,000 329/km² (19th) {{{د وګړو ګڼه ګونهmi²}}}/mi²
GDP (PPP)  • ټولټال  • Per capita	2005 estimate $3.678 trillion (4th) $3400 (125th)
HDI (2003)	0.602 (127th) – medium
پېسه	Rupee (Rs.)1 (INR)
د ساعت توپير  • Summer (DST)	IST (UTC+5:30) not observed (UTC+5:30)
د انټرنېت م.م(TLD)	.in
هېوادنی کوډ	{{{هېوادنی کوډ}}}
ټيليفوني پېل ګڼ	+91
{{{پايڅوړ}}}

د هندوستان جمهوريت is a country in South Asia which comprises of the majority of the Indian subcontinent. It has a coastline of over seven thousand kilometres,Bold textخعمم borders پاکستان to the west, the چين, نيپال, and Bhutan to the northeast, and بنګله دېش او ماينامار to the east. On the Indian Ocean, it is adjacent to three island nations — the Maldives to the southwest, Sri Lanka to the south, او اندونېزيا to the southeast. India also claims a border with Afghanistan to the northwest.Template:Mn

The name India /'ɪndiə/ is derived from the Old Persian version of Sindhu, the historic local name for the Indus river (see Origin of India's name). The Constitution of India and common usage also recognise Bharat (Template:Lang-hi /bʰɑːrət̪/ listen (مرسته·مالومات)) as an official name of equal status. This name is derived from the Sanskrit name of an ancient Hindu king, Bharata, whose story can be found in the Mahabharata epic poem. A third name, Hindustan (Template:Lang-hi /hin̪d̪ust̪ɑːn/) listen (مرسته·مالومات) (Persian: Land of the Hindus) has been used since the twelfth century, though its contemporary use is unevenly applied due to domestic disputes by some over its representation as a national signifier.

India is the fourth largest economy in the world in terms of purchasing power parity, and the tenth largest in absolute terms. It is the second most populous country in the world, with a population of over one billion, and is the seventh largest country by geographical area. It is home to some of the most ancient civilisations, and a centre of important historic trade routes. Four major world religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism have Indian origins. Formerly a major part of the British Empire as the British Raj before gaining independence in 1947, during the past twenty years the country has grown significantly, especially in its economic and military spheres, regionally as well as globally.

نيوليک 1 تاريخ 2 حکومت 3 سياست 4 States and union territories 5 جغرافيه 6 اقتصاد 7 Demographics 8 Culture 9 Sports and games 10 Holidays 11 دا هم وګورۍ 12 باندنۍ تړنې 13 سرچينې 14 يادښتونه

[سمادول] تاريخ

Main article: د هندوستان تاريخ

Stone Age rock shelters with paintings at Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh are the earliest known traces of human life in present-day India. The first known permanent settlements appeared over 9,000 years ago, and gradually developed into the Indus Valley Civilisation, which began around 3300 BC and peaked between 2600 BC and 1900 BC. It was followed by the Vedic Civilisation. From around 550 BC, many independent kingdoms came into being.

In the north, the Maurya dynasty, which included Ashoka, contributed greatly to India's cultural landscape. From 180 BC, a series of invasions from Central Asia followed. This led to the establishment of the Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian kingdoms in the northern Indian Subcontinent, and finally the Kushan Empire. From the 3rd century AD, the Gupta dynasty oversaw the period referred to as ancient India's "Golden Age".

In the south, several dynasties, including the Chalukyas, Cheras, Cholas, Kadambas, Pallavas and Pandyas prevailed during different periods. Science, engineering, art, literature, mathematics, astronomy, religion and philosophy flourished under the patronage of these kings.

Following the Islamic invasions from Central Asia and Persia in the beginning of the second millennium AD, much of north and central India came under the rule of the Delhi Sultanate, and later the Mughal dynasty, who gradually expanded their reign to much of the Indian subcontinent. Nevertheless, several indigenous kingdoms flourished, especially in the relatively sheltered south, like the Vijayanagara Empire.

During mid-second millennium AD, several European countries, including Portugal, Netherlands, France and the United Kingdom, who initially wanted to trade with India, took advantage of the fractured kingdoms fighting each other, to establish colonies in the country. An 1857 insurrection against the British East India Company failed, known locally as the First War of Indian Independence, and in British and some Western literature as the Indian Mutiny, Sepoy Mutiny or Sepoy Rebellion. After it was put down, much of India came under the direct administrative control of the crown of the British Empire.

In the early twentieth century, the prolonged, non-violent struggle for independence was led by Mahatma Gandhi, widely regarded as the "Father Of The Nation." The struggle culminated on 1947-08-15, when India gained full independence from British rule, and became a republic on 1950-01-26.

As a multi-ethnic and multi-religious nation, India has had some sectarian violence and insurgencies in various parts of the country, but has stayed together as a vibrant democracy. It has unresolved border disputes with China (which escalated into the brief Sino-Indian War in 1962), and with Pakistan, which resulted in wars in 1947, 1965, 1971 and in 1999 in Kargil (at the northern fringe of Jammu and Kashmir State). India is a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement and the United Nations. In 1974, India conducted an underground nuclear test, making it an unofficial member of the "nuclear club". This was followed by a series of five more tests in in 1998. Significant economic reforms beginning in 1991 have transformed India into one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, and added to its global and regional clout. Today India is considered as one of the major powers and also as one of the emerging future superpowers.

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[سمادول] حکومت

Main article: د هندوستان حکومت

National symbols of India

Flag	Tiranga
Emblem	Sarnath Lion
Anthem	Jana Gana Mana
Song	Vandē Mātaram
Animal	Royal Bengal Tiger
Bird	Indian Peacock
Flower	Lotus
Tree	Banyan
Fruit	Mango
Sport	Field Hockey
Calendar	Saka

India is a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic. India has a quasi-federal form of government and a bicameral parliament operating under a Westminster-style parliamentary system. It has a three branches of governance: the Legislature, Executive and Judiciary.

The President is the head of state, and has a largely ceremonial role, including interpreting the constitution, signing laws into action and issuing pardons. He is also the Commander-in-Chief of India's armed forces. The President and the Vice President are elected indirectly by an electoral college for five-year terms. The Prime Minister is the head of government, and has most executive powers. He or she is elected by legislators of the political party or coalition commanding a parliamentary majority, and serves a five-year term. The Constitution does not explicitly provide for a post of Deputy Prime Minister, but this option has been exercised from time to time.

The legislature of India is the bicameral Parliament, which consists of the upper house called the Rajya Sabha (Council of States), and the lower house called the Lok Sabha (House of the People). The 245-member Rajya Sabha is chosen indirectly through an electoral college, and has a staggered six-year term. The 545-member Lok Sabha is directly elected by popular vote for a five-year term, and is the determinative constituent of political power and government formation. All Indian citizens above the age of 18 are eligible to vote.

The executive arm consists of the President, Vice-President and the Council of Ministers (the Cabinet), headed by the Prime Minister. Any minister holding a portfolio must be a member of either house of parliament. In the Indian parliamentary system, the executive is subordinate to the legislature.

India's independent judiciary consists of the Supreme Court, headed by the Chief Justice of India. The Supreme Court has both original jurisdiction over disputes between states and the Centre, and appellate jurisdiction over the High Courts of India. There are eighteen appellate High Courts, each having jurisdiction over a state or a group of smaller states. Each of these states has a tiered system of lower courts. A conflict between the legislature and the judiciary is referred to the President.

[سمادول] سياست

Main article: د هندوستان سياست

For most of its independent history, India has been ruled by the Indian National Congress Party (INC). Following its position as the largest political organisation in pre-independence India, the INC, usually led by a member of the Nehru-Gandhi family, dominated national politics for over four decades. In 1975, the government led by Indira Gandhi imposed Emergency Rule across the nation. After emergency was lifted in 1977, and fresh elections were called, a united opposition, under the banner of the Janata Party won the elections and formed a non-Congress government for a short period. In 1996, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), a political party with a right-wing nationalist ideology, became the largest single party, and established, for the first time, a serious opposition to the largely left-centered Congress. But power was de facto held by two successive coalition governments, with the active support of the Congress. In 1998, the BJP formed the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) along with smaller regional parties, and became the first non-Congress government to sustain a full five-year tenure. The decade prior to 1999 was marked by a state of political flux, with seven separate governments formed within that period.

In the 2004 Indian elections the INC returned to power after winning the largest number of seats. It formed a government in alliance with several regional parties, known as the United Progressive Alliance (UPA), with the outside support of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)). The NDA, led by the BJP, currently forms the main opposition. All governments since 1996 have required party coalitions, with no single party claiming a majority, due to the steady rise of regional parties at the national level. Template:See also

[سمادول] States and union territories

Main article: States and territories of India

India is divided into twenty-eight states (which are further subdivided into districts), six Union Territories and the National Capital Territory of Delhi. States have their own elected government, whereas Union Territories are governed by an administrator appointed by the Union Government, though some have elected governments.

Template:India states India has had two scientific bases in Antarctica – the Dakshin Gangotri and Maitri, but has made no territorial claims so far. Template:See also

[سمادول] جغرافيه

Main article: د هندوستان جغرافيه

India's northern and northeastern states are partially situated in the Himalayan Mountain Range. The rest of northern, central and eastern India consists of the fertile Indo-Gangetic plain. In the west, bordering southeast Pakistan, lies the Thar Desert. The southern Indian Peninsula is almost entirely composed of the Deccan plateau, which is flanked by two hilly coastal ranges, the Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats.

India is home to several major rivers, including the Ganga, which is 1557 miles long, Brahmaputra, Yamuna, Godavari, Kaveri, and Krishna. India has three archipelagos – Lakshadweep off the southwest coast, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands volcanic island chain to the southeast, and the Sunderbans in the Gangetic Delta in West Bengal State.

The Indian climate varies from tropical in the south to more temperate in the north. Parts of India which lie in the Himalayas have a tundra climate. India gets most of its rains through the monsoons.

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[سمادول] اقتصاد

Main article: د هندوستان اقتصاد

India's economy ranks tenth in the world in terms of currency conversion (GNP), and fourth in terms of Purchasing power parity (PPP). It recorded one of the fastest growth rates (8.1%) for the fourth quarter of 2005. Per-capita income (by PPP) is US$ 3100, ranked 125th according to the World Bank. India's foreign exchange reserves amount to over US$ 145 billion.Bold textخعمم Mumbai is the financial capital and home to the headquarters of the Reserve Bank of India and the pre-eminent Bombay Stock Exchange. While a quarter of Indians still live below the poverty line, a large middle class has now emerged along with the rapid growth of the information technology (IT) and service industries.

The Indian economy has shed much of its historical dependence on agriculture, which now contributes about 21% to GDP.Bold textخعمم Other important industries are mining, petroleum, diamond polishing, films, textiles, IT and business process outsourcing (BPO) services, pharmaceuticals and chemicals, and handicrafts. Most of India's industrial regions are centred around major cities. In recent years, India has emerged as one of the largest players in the software and BPO industries, with revenues of US$ 17.2 billion in 2004 to 2005.Bold textخعمم Many small-scale industries provide steady employment to workers in small towns and villages.

While India receives only around three million foreign visitors a year, tourism is still an important but under-developed source of national income. Tourism contributes 5.3% of GDP, about US$4 billion in foreign exchange.Bold textخعمم. Directly and indirectly, it generates an estimated 42 million jobs, about 10% of India's work force. India's major trading partners are the United States, the European Union, Japan, China and the United Arab Emirates.Bold textخعمم

India's main exports include agricultural products, textile goods, gems and jewelry, software services, engineering goods, chemicals and leather products, while its main imports are crude oil, machinery, gems, fertiliser, and chemicals. For the year 2004, India's total exports stood at US$ 69.18 billion, imports at US $89.33 billion.Bold textخعمم

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[سمادول] Demographics

Main article: Demographics of India

India is the second-most populous country in the world, after China. Language, religion, and caste are determinants of social and political organisation within the highly diverse population. However, the caste system has been officially illegalized for several decades, and the importance of caste has waned in urban areas. Furthermore, broad "affirmative action" programs ensure that citizens formerly of the so-called "lower castes" have an advantage in gaining university admittance and government jobs. India's biggest metropolitan agglomerations are Mumbai (formerly Bombay), Delhi, Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) and Chennai (formerly Madras).

India's literacy rate is 64.8%, 53.7% for females and 75.3% of males. The sex ratio is 933 females per 1000 males.Bold textخعمم Work Participation Rate (WPR; the percentage of workers to total population) is 39.1%, with male WPR at 51.7% and female WPR at 25.6% Bold textخعمم India's median age is 24.66, and the population growth rate is 22.32 births per 1,000.Bold textخعمم

Although 80.5% of the people are Hindus, India is also home to the third-largest population of Muslims in the world (13.4%; see Islam in India), after Indonesia and Pakistan. Other religious groups include Christians (2.3%), Sikhs (1.84%), Buddhists (0.76%), Jains (0.40%), Jews, Zoroastrians, Ahmadi-muslims, and Bahá'ís.Bold textخعمم

India is home to two major linguistic families: Indo-Aryan (spoken by about 74% of the population) and Dravidian (spoken by about 24%). Other languages spoken in India come from the Austro-Asiatic and Tibeto-Burman linguistic families. The Indian constitution recognises 23 official languages^[1]. Hindi and English are used by the Central Government for official purposes. Two classical languages native to the land are Sanskrit and Tamil. The number of mother tongues in India is as high as 1,652.Bold textخعمم

[سمادول] Culture

Main articles: Arts and Entertainment in India and Culture of India

India has a rich and unique cultural heritage, and has managed to preserve its established traditions throughout history. It has always absorbed customs, traditions and ideas from both invaders and immigrants. Many cultural practices, languages, customs and even monuments are examples of this co-mingling over centuries. Famous monuments, such as the Taj Mahal and other examples of Islamic-inspired architecture have been inherited from the Mughal dynasty. These are the result of a syncretic tradition that combined elements from all parts of the country.

Indian society is largely pluralist, multilingual and multicultural. Religious practices of various faiths are an integral part of everyday life in society. Education is highly regarded by members of every socio-economic stratum. Traditional Indian family values are highly respected, and considered sacred, although urban families have grown to prefer a nuclear family system, owing to the socio-economic constraints imposed by the traditional joint family system.

Religion in India is a very public affair, with many practices imbued with pomp and vitality accompanying their underlying spiritual qualities.

A melting pot of many religions, India has a rich diversity of festivals, many of which are celebrated by all, irrespective of caste and creed. The most widely known and popular celebrations include the Hindu festivals of Diwali, Holi, and Dussehra, and the Muslim celebration of Eid.

Indian music is represented in a wide variety of forms. The two main forms of classical music are Carnatic from South India, and Hindustani from North India. Popular forms of music also prevail, the most notable being Filmi music. In addition to this are the diverse traditions of folk music from different parts of the country. Many classical dance forms exist, including the Bharatanatyam, Kathakali, Kathak and Manipuri. They often have a narrative form (based on the itihasa (Indian epics), and are usually infused with devotional and spiritual elements.

The earliest literary traditions in India were mostly oral, and were later transcribed. Most of these spring from Indian (later called Hindu) traditions, and are represented by sacred works like the Vedas and the epics of the Mahabharatha and Ramayana. Sangam literature from Tamil Nadu represents some of India's oldest traditions. There have been many notable modern Indian writers, both in Indian languages and in English. India's only Nobel laureate in literature was the Bengali writer Rabindranath Tagore.

India produces the world's largest number of films every year. The most recognisable face is that of cinema production based in Mumbai, which produces mainly commercial Hindi films, often referred to as "Bollywood". Cinema in other vernacular languages is also particularly strong, with movies regularly produced in well-established Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil and Telugu industries. India's contribution to world cinema was the internationally renowned Bengali director Satyajit Ray, who in 1992 won an Academy Award for Lifetime Achievement.

Rice and wheat are the staple foods in the country. The cuisine of India is extremely diverse, as ingredients, spices and cooking methods vary from region to region. The country is notable for its wide variety of vegetarian and non vegetarian cuisine. Spicy food and sweets are popular in India. Traditional dress in India greatly varies across the regions in its colours and styles, and depend on various factors, including climate. The traditional sari is a popular style of dress for women. Traditional raiments for men is dhoti. Template:See also

[سمادول] Sports and games

Main article: Sports in India

India's national sport is field hockey, although cricket is now the de facto national game due to its success and popularity in recent times. However, cricket is not the most popular sport in some states, particularly in the North Eastern parts of the country where soccer is favoured more. Chess is another international sport in which India is quite strong: Viswanathan Anand was FIDE World Champion, and several players have made significant inroads in recent years, well past the Grandmaster level. India also has a tradition of cue sports (snooker, billiards, etc) and shooting.

India has had relatively little success in other international events like the Olympics, where it garnered just one silver medal and two bronze medals in the previous three outings. However, it had won eight field hockey golds until 1980. India has done rather well in Davis Cup tennis tournaments, reaching the finals on three occasions. Its players have secured several individual titles and Grand Slam doubles wins, but an Indian is yet to win a Grand Slam singles.

Traditional indigenous sports include polo, kabaddi, Kho Kho and gilli-danda, which are played in most parts of the country. Chess, badminton and carrom are also said to have originated in India. Snooker and badminton have seen Indians achieve some international success. Football (soccer) is also widely watched in almost the entire country, and is the most popular sport in many states, though India ranks above 100 in the FIFA rankings. Formula 1 racing is also increasing in popularity, due to racing driver Narain Karthikeyan, though its reach is largely limited to urban areas.

[سمادول] Holidays

Main article: List of Festivals in India

India has three National Holidays. Other sets of holidays, varying between nine to twelve, pertains to festivals, religious holidays and births of leaders which are legislated by the individual states.

Date	Holiday	Remarks
26 January	Republic Day	The constitution of India came into effect on this day in the year 1950.
15 August	Independence Day	India gained its independence from the British Empire on this day in 1947.
2 October	Gandhi Jayanti	The birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi.

[سمادول] دا هم وګورۍ

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[سمادول] باندنۍ تړنې

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Official

Template:Spoken Wikipedia

• Offical Portal of Indian Government
• GOI Directory — Directory of governmental websites
• Indiaimage National Informatics Centre — Basic Portal to Govt. of India Websites

Other

• Template:Wikitravel
• Template:Wikicities
• CIA — The World Factbook — India — CIA's Factbook on India
• Country Profile: India — BBC's Country Profile on India
• India Travel

[سمادول] سرچينې

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• Error on call to template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified India facts and figures. Embassy of India. URL accessed on August 14, 2005.
• Error on call to template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified Forex reserves up by $1bn. Economic Times. URL accessed on August 14, 2005.
• Error on call to template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified India Economy. Travel Document Systems. URL accessed on August 14, 2005.
• Error on call to template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified Services. India in Business. URL accessed on August 14, 2005.
• Error on call to template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified Destination India: An Unpolished Diamond. Times of India. URL accessed on August 14, 2005.
• Error on call to template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified CIA Factbook : India. CIA Factbook. URL accessed on August 14, 2005.
• Error on call to template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified Provisional Population Totals 2001 Census. Census of India. URL accessed on August 14, 2005.
• Error on call to template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified Debating India & India's literacy rate. Debating India. URL accessed on August 14, 2005.
• Error on call to template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified India India – Country profiles. indexmundi.com. URL accessed on August 14, 2005.
• Error on call to template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified Census of India 2001, Data on Religion. Census of India. URL accessed on August 14, 2005.
• Error on call to template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified Languages of India. India image. URL accessed on August 14, 2005.
• Matthew, K.M. (2003). Manorama Yearbook 2003, pg 524, Malaya Manorama. ISBN 8190046187.

[سمادول] يادښتونه

• Template:Mnb The Government of India considers the entire state of Jammu and Kashmir to be a part of India. This state borders a part of Afghanistan. A ceasefire sponsored by the United Nations in 1948 freezes the positions of Indian and Pakistani held territory. As a consequence, the region bordering Afghanistan is in Pakistani-administered territory.
• Template:Mnb The black line is the boundary as recognised by the government of India. The northern region of Kashmir is currently administered by India, Pakistan, and China (and coloured in as such). The delimiting of the three administered regions is not the international boundary but a ceasefire line demarcated in red. The boundary separating India and Pakistan is known as the Line of Control, that separating India and China as the 'Line of Actual Control'. Most of the state of Arunachal Pradesh is still claimed by China.

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• India is also the letter I in the NATO phonetic alphabet.

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